History and Structure of Policing Essay - 935 Words

Many people know of the police officers of today’s world and that it is their job to enforce the laws set by their government, but not many people know the history of your typical everyday United States police officer or how they came about. The idea for neither your everyday police officer nor his or her department they work for or how a police department operates, originated in the United States. Over the years though America has made changes and adapted its system over the years to make it more suitable for its countries beliefs and practices. Police forces or Law enforcers have been used for centuries all around the world but America took particular interest in the English’s policing system. America’s policing ideas and process began†¦show more content†¦It was a safe haven for bandits and outlaws, it was so large and unknown, making in near impossible to enforce the laws of the land. Taking the law into one’s own hands or vigilantism was common for those trying to take advantage of the spread out hand of the law throughout the United States. In America’s larger cities law enforcement came about earlier. In 1658, paid watchmen were hired by the city of New York. The city of New York constructed the first neighborhood station in 1731. Many American communities followed their lead. New York’s Law enforcement was separated into night and day forces, hired to be like the â€Å"Bobbies†, they were combined into the New York Police Department. The first woman police officer ca me from the Los Angela’s Police Department in 1910; her name was Alice Stebbins Wells. By 1915 a U.S. census showed that there were 25 cities that employed police officers of the female gender. The Postal Act of 1829 made the FBI a national investigation service. Before that is was the Bureau of Investigation, where President Teddy Roosevelt promoted the use of the call-box system of telephones. It allowed citizens to report crimes and made it possible for officers to quickly call for assistance. A dark day and age for not only the American people but also the American Law Enforcement agency began in the 1920’s when there was a constitutional prohibition against the selling,Show MoreRelatedAmerican Security and Police Modeled After The English968 Words   |  4 Pagescopied some of the fundamental techniques. England helped America guide the policing system to be more effective. Such as something so basic as the title Sheriffs come from the word shire reeves, which is from England (The History of Policing, 2014, p.3). English plays an extremely essential role in American policing. America adopted the English common law; the high importance placed on individual privileges, the court structure, and numerous methods of punishment, alongside with local authority ofRead MorePolice1142 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿POLICE: HISTORY Throughout the history of civilization, societies have sought protection for their members and possessions. In early civilizations, members of one s family provided this protection. Richard Lundman has suggested that the development of formal policing resulted from a process of three developmental stages. The first stage involves informal policing, where all members of a society share equally in the responsibility for providing protection and keeping order. The second stage,Read MoreSir Robert Peel and American Policing962 Words   |  4 PagesSir Robert Peel and American Policing Kristi Pursley CJA/214 August 15, 2011 Don Redden Sir Robert Peel and American Policing The history of policing dates back several thousand years ago when there was no order or peace and inhumane acts upon citizens was the norm with religious, political, or military police acting as the law. Policing was unstable and unorganized. Citizens took the law into their own hands and served as judge, jury, and executioner. There was not such a thing as beingRead MoreThe History of Police Agencies and Different Types of Law Enforcement877 Words   |  4 PagesDevelopment of Police Agencies: Policing in the United States has mainly been based and expanded on the ideas of English way of policing. The English way of policing has not only been used as the basis for American policing but it has also been used to commence an era of evolving police agencies. In its early years, policing in the United States was largely regarded as a civic duty or responsibility of community members. The appointed officers were neither trained nor paid for their servicesRead MoreRoles and Responsibilities of Public Policing vs. Private Security1652 Words   |  7 PagesRoles and Responsibilities of Public Policing vs. Private Security ASJ-502 February 6, 2012 Abstract This paper explores the similarities and differences of public police and private security throughout history. How the criminal justice system and public police and private security are linked to each other. The essential policies that have been developed and how these police have assisted in the cooperation between police and private security. Finally, the need for a comprehensive securityRead MoreThe Evolution of Technology in Policing647 Words   |  3 Pageshelp legitimize the law, policing as a formal social institution is young. The history of the formal police system stems back to the 19th century and Sir Robert Peels first force of bobbies in London. Since Peels reforms, modern policing has evolved to include many different models that include community policing. The Peel reforms ensured that English, and then American, police forces reflected the goals of the judiciary and legislative branches of government. Policing went from a patronage systemRead MoreEssay on Role of Sir Robert Peel in Starting Community Policing1500 Words   |  6 PagesSir Robert Peel Policing has been a part of America for many decades. In fact, policing was known to exist prior to 1066, the year of the Normandy Invasion of Britain. Throughout the years policing has been a complicated and ongoing progress. The people of England did not have a stabilized policing standard and were often responsible for protecting and serving themselves. As early as the 1600s the Colonial America introduced the English styles of policing; citizens were responsible forRead MoreThe Evolution Of Law Enforcement Essay1279 Words   |  6 PagesThe Evolution of Law Enforcement All over the history of human evolution, people have sought a way to protect their lives and property. During the Babylonian period, members of families suggested the ideas of having a group from the community to maintain safety and order. Normally during that time, protection and social control were the major responsibility of that group. In that time, people requested the eldest and strongest males of the tribes to take part in the first security force of communityRead MoreThe Role Of Policing During The United States Essay934 Words   |  4 Pagesfactors that contribute to today’s American policing. Once such factor that contribute tremendously to today’s policing came in 1829 when Sir Robert Peel’s concept of policing came into effect. This would change the way policing would be performed in not only England, but the United States (U.S) and around the world. Another huge factor that impacts policing is the relationship the U.S. Government has with polic ing. These factors affect every policing organization in the U.S. Sir Robert Peel hadRead MoreThe Policing Function At The Local, State, And Federal Organizational Levels Essay1486 Words   |  6 PagesIn this paper I would be identifying, compare, and contrast the policing function at the local, state, and federal organizational levels. I would be Analyzing how the organizational, management, administration, and operational functions at these three organizational levels are similar or different and why. Also I would be identifying the leadership characteristics and responsibilities pertaining to each organizational level. Numerous police agency’s and police officials work on a distinctive local

Gender Differences Between Men And Women Essay - 2523 Words

The â€Å"male norm† is an important concept for understanding women’s history, gender history, and the history of sexuality in classical Athens. Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe, explains the importance of studying women, as well as studying gender. Historians studying gender â€Å"note that what are usually described as the â€Å"biological† differences between men and women are themselves influenced by ideas about gender, with a single polarity (man/woman) so strong in western culture that individuals born with ambiguous genitalia are generally simply assigned to one category or another (Wiesner 3).† Within this view, it ultimately predisposes sex rather than the other way around, which means there is no such thing as true sex difference, only gender difference. Historians have also contemplated what gender itself means and about how past societies have intended their perceptions of what it means to be male or female. This allowed them to disting uish differences between physical sex differences or biological differences between men and women, and how gender has socially constructed differences. Studying the differences of gender allows us to understand the history of the â€Å"male norm† in classical Athens. Intersectionality is another important concept when studying the â€Å"male norm.† The oxford dictionary defined Intersectionality as the interconnected nature of social categorization such as race, class, and gender as they apply to a given individual or group, regarded as creatingShow MoreRelatedGender Differences Between Men And Women1185 Words   |  5 Pagescontroversial and intriguing at the same time. This study approached the hypothesis of gender differences between men and women in spiritual well-being. The study used the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (Ellison, 1983) and assessed 75 college students in the survey. The study resulted in data that confirmed the hypothesis that men and women do not hav e any significant differences in spiritual well-being. â€Æ' Gender Differences in Spiritual Well-Being The examination of spiritual well-being has been a long andRead MoreGender Differences Between Men And Women1058 Words   |  5 PagesGender differences between men and women Abstract Gender difference can be expressed in many ways. In our daily life, there are many phenomenon can be explained by gender difference. For example, man always like to pay attention to political news, but women focus on gossip news; Women like shopping very much but men never want to go shopping; for the same thing men and women will make different evaluations. These entire phenomenons are because of gender difference. How the gender difference showRead MoreGender Differences Between Men And Women1417 Words   |  6 Pagesto analyze gender differences between men and women in history. Whether these gender differences exist in the way in which they communicate, influence, or lead, men and women have always been viewed as different and unique sets of people. These differences have, to a certain extent, put black mens in the environment at a disadvantage because of their perceived inferiority to the world, mainly due to historical gender inequalities, discrimination of racism. Especially, young black mens. I do believeRead MoreGender Differences Between Men And Women1992 Words   |  8 PagesThere is much debate on the issue of personality differences between men and women, some believe that that men and women are vastly different, others only slightly and the rest firmly believe that we are no different from each other at all. A large quantity of research has been conducted in order to try to find this out. Firstly, it is imperative that gender and personality have a clear definition to prevent confusion. Gender is a psychological perception of masculinity and femininity and can beRead MoreGender Differences Between Men And Women892 Words   |  4 PagesRegardless of the standard definition, gender differences cause the meaning of attractiveness to vary among society. Cultural influences suggest that the â€Å"beauty is in the eye of the beholder† is false. Aside from the specific guidelines towards what men and women perceive, men take attractiveness mor e serious than do women. It has been proven that both men and women compare body image and asymmetry when determining someone’s attractiveness, or lack there of. However, there are certain cases whereRead MoreGender Differences Between Men And Women Essay1533 Words   |  7 Pagesinteractions between men and women, yet I have had difficulty pin-pointing the exact differences. Obviously, the military utilized abrasive and assertive speech, and I correlated it to professional differences rather than gender differences. However, learning the subconscious tendencies of communication polarities with men and women, and introspectively looking back at past interactions, forced me to realize it may be just as much a gender gap as a professional one. I always wondered why some men enjoyedRead MoreGender Differences Between Men And Women1861 Words   |  8 Pagescentury, western culture frequently dismisses the concept of men and women holding highly distinguishable traits that denote respective functions in society. Such movements insinuate that the objective of absolute equality between the sexes has been met, despite history presenting an entirely contrasting view of gender roles that have perpetuated inequality in the minds of mankind. In order for one to fully comprehend the continual battle that women have fought against the stereotypes that history has triedRead MoreGender Differences Between Women And Men Speak981 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Sex Differences† is an essay written by a professor of linguistics named Ronald Macaulay. In the essay, he pointed out that there were no gender differences regarding to language development. He talked about various stereotypes about how men and women speak. He also explains i n depth about how social environment made an impact on the talking between men and women. He also concluded that those linguists who still believe in that theory only continue to do so even if what they found in their researchRead MoreThe Gender Pay Gap Measures The Earning Differences Between Women And Men940 Words   |  4 PagesThe gender pay gap measures the earning differences between women and men in paid employment in the labour market. It is one of many indicators of gender inequality in a country, when examining labour market participation in terms of gender (EC 2007). Though we try to fight for gender equality in the workplace, us females still face many difficulties. While they’ve made strides in breaking through the â€Å"glass ceiling,† we often have many other challenges, things such as sexism, discrimination, sometimesRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart Gender Stereotype And The Difference Between Men And Women1150 Words   |  5 Pagesnovel Th ings Fall Apart gender stereotype and the difference between men and women, and also how women are treated compared to men, are presented very boldly throughout the whole novel. Showing these stereotypes and maybe certain rights that were provided for one gender and not the other is important when it comes to understanding the novel more because it shows how things were in villages like Umuofia during the time (but mostly before) when Christian missionaries and white men had taken over, and showing

India Child marriage Free Essays

Child marriage in India From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Small child brides in India Child marriage is a common practice in many countries around the world, however it is especially prevalent in India, where more than one third of all child brides live. [1] According to UNICEF, 47% of girls are married by 18 years of age, and 18% are married by 15 years of age. [2] These marriages are often performed without the consent of the girls involved in the marriage. We will write a custom essay sample on India Child marriage or any similar topic only for you Order Now Indian law has made child marriage illegal, but it is still widely practiced across the nation. The highest rates are seen particularly in the rural states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh. [3] It affects both boys and girls, but statistics show that girls are far more likely to be forced into a child marriage than boys; however the percentage of girls forced into child marriage in India has declined in recent years. Many consider child marriage to be a human rights violation, resulting in death, health problems, poverty, violence, and lack of education. Contents Definitions of child marriage UNICEF defines child marriage as a formal marriage or union before 18 years of age. [4] UN Women defines child marriage as a forced marriage before 18 years of age because they believe children under age 18 are incapable of giving their consent. [5] History of child marriage Political turmoil Child marriage, also known as Bal Vivaha, is believed to have begun during the medieval ages of India. At this time, the political atmosphere was turbulent and ruled by Delhi Sultans in an absolute monarchy government. The sultans had an extreme commitment to their religion and forced many to convert, causing socio-cultural unrest, and Hindu women suffered the most. These days of the Delhi Sultans produced practices such as child marriage and lowered the status of women even further. They invented the ill omen of giving birth to a female baby and believed that young unmarried girls caused disaster. Child marriage became a widespread cultural practice with various reasons to justify it, and many marriages were performed while the girl was still an infant. [6] Military alliances Indian feudalistic society became present, where characteristics such as honor, rivalry, and animosity were important qualities to possess, and because of this, families and kingdoms created strong military alliances to preserve or destroy power between them. To ensure the alliance was upheld by both sides, each family exchanged a young member of their household who was reared and educated at the other family’s estate. The children were the assurance that the alliance between the families was honored, but in case it wasn’t enough, the families made a marriage arrangement to deepen the alliance even further. They believed the marriage wouldn’t work if they waited for the young children to grow up because they could possibly pick someone outside of the alliance. If they performed the marriage while the children were still young and susceptible to their parents’ influence, the children would have no choice but to marry who their parents chose to strengthen the alliance. [7] The caste system The caste system is also believed to have contributed to the growth of child marriage. Castes, which are based on birth and heredity, do not allow two people to marry if they are from different castes. This system was threatened by young people’s emotions and desires to marry outside their caste, so out of necessity, child marriage was created to ensure the caste system continued. [8] Laws against child marriage The Child Marriage Restraint Act of 1929 The Child Marriage Restraint Act, also called the Sarda Act,[9] was a law to restrict the practice of child marriage. It was enacted on April 1, 1930, extended across the whole nation, with the exceptions of the states of Jammu and Kashmir, and applied to every Indian citizen. Its goal was to eliminate the dangers placed on young girls who could not handle the stress of married life and avoid early deaths. This Act defined a male child as 21 years or younger, a female child as 18 years or younger, and a minor as a child of either sex 18 years or younger. The punishment for a male between 18 and 21 years marrying a child became imprisonment of up to 15 days, a fine of 1,000 rupees, or both. The punishment for a male above 21 years of age became imprisonment of up to three months and a possible fine. The punishment for anyone who performed or directed a child marriage ceremony became imprisonment of up to three months and a possible fine, unless he could prove the marriage he performed was not a child marriage. The punishment for a parent or guardian of a child taking place in the marriage became imprisonment of up to three months or a possible fine. [10] It was amended in 1940 and 1978 to continue raising the ages of male and female children. [11] The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 Coming into effect on November 1, 2007, the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act (PCMA) was put into place to address and fix the shortcomings of the Child Marriage Restraint Act. [12] The change in name was meant to reflect the prevention and prohibition of child marriage, rather than restraining it. [13][14] The previous Act also made it difficult and time consuming to act against child marriages and did not focus on authorities as possible figures for preventing the marriages. [15] This Act kept the ages of adult males and females the same but made some significant changes to further protect the children. Boys and girls forced into child marriages as minors have the option of voiding their marriage up to two years after reaching adulthood, and in certain circumstances, marriages of minors can be null and void before they reach adulthood. All valuables, money, and gifts must be returned if the marriage is nullified, and the girl must be provided with a place of residency until she marries or becomes an adult. Children born from child marriages are considered legitimate, and the courts are expected to give parental custody with the children’s best interests in mind. Any male over 18 years of age who enters into a marriage with a minor or anyone who directs or conducts a child marriage ceremony can be punished with up to two years of imprisonment or a fine. [16] — Latest Judgment Under Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 — It has been held by the Delhi High Court that Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 overrides all personal laws and governs each and every citizen of India– 2012 [Volume No. 3] JCC [Journal of Criminal Cases] Page No. 148 – IN The High Court of Delhi – Hon’ble The Acting Chief Justice ; Hon’ble Mr. Justice Sanjiv Khanna ; Hon’ble Mr. Justice V. K. Shali – Date of Judgment – 27th July, 2012 – Court on Its Own Motion [Lajja Devi] Vs. State – W. P. [Crl. ] No. 338 of 2008 — Smt. Laxmi Devi Anr. Vs. State [GNCT of Delhi] Others – Cril. M. C. No. 100/2011 and Crl. M. A. No. 3737 of 2011 – Maha Dev Vs. State [GNCT of Delhi ] Anr. – W. P. [Crl. ] No. 821 of 2008 and Crl. M. A. No. 8765 of 2008 — Devender @ Babli Vs. State [GNCT of Delhi] Anr. – W. P. [Crl. ] No. 66 of 2010 — Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 and Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 – section 2[a] – Issue for Consideration – [i] What is the status of marriage under the Hindu Law when one of the parties to the marriage is below the age of 18 years prescribed under Section 5 [iii] of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 and Section 2 [a] of the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006, and [ii] When the girl is minor [but the boy has attained the age of marriage as prescribed] whether the husband can be regarded as the lawful guardian of the minor wife and claim her custody in spite of contest and claim by the parents of the girl – what is the effect of Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006. — Held: – The object behind enacting the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 was to cu rb the menace of Child Marriage, which is still prevalent in this country and is most common in rural areas – Child Marriage is such a social evil which has the potentialities of dangers to the life and health of a female child and plays havoc in their lives, who cannot withstand the stress and strains of married life and it leads to early deaths of such minor mothers – It also reflects the chauvinistic attribute of the Indian Society- Even after the passing of the new Act i. e. – Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006, certain loopholes still remain, the legislations are weak as they do not actually prohibit child marriage . It can be said that though the practice of child marriage has been discouraged by the legislations but it has not been completely banned – Having regard to the legal/statutory position that stands as of now leaves us to answer first part of question No. by concluding that the marriage contracted with a female of less than 18 years o f a male of less than 21 years of age would not be a void marriage but voidable one, which would become valid if no steps are taken by such court has option[s] to order otherwise [Paras 1,25,26,35,40] – Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 – Section 3 – The girl, if mature, cannot and should be denied her freedom and other wishes should not get negated as of she has no voice and her wishes are of no consequences – The Court while deciding, should also keep in mind that such marriages are voidable and the girl has the right to approach the Court under Section 3 of the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 to get the marriage declared void till she attains the age of 20 years. Para 48 ] – Indian Penal Code, 1860 – Section 375 376 – In case the girl is below 16 years, the answer is obvious that the consent does not matter – Offence under Section 376 Indian Penal Code is made out – The charge sheet cannot be quashed on the ground that she was a consenting party – However, there can be special or exceptional circumstances which may require consideration, in cases where the girl even after attaining majority affirms and reiterates her consent. [Para 49] — Indian Penal Code, 1860 – section 375 – Consummation, with the wife below the age of 15 years of age, is an offence under Section 375 – No exception can be made to the said constitutional mandate and the same has to be strictly and diligently enforce – Consent is such case is completely impartial, for consent at such a young age is difficult to conceive and accept – It makes no difference whether the girl is married or not – Personal law applicable to the parties is also immaterial. Para 50 ] — Indian Penal code, 1860 – Section 375 376 – Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 – Section 3 – If the girl is more than 16 years, and the girl makes a statement t hat she went with her consent and that statement and consent is without any force, coercion or undue influence, the statement could be accepted and the court will be within its power to quash the proceedings under Sections 363 or 376 Indian Penal Code, 1860 – Here again no straight jacket formulae can be applied – The court has to be cautious, for the girl has right to get marriage nullified under Section 3 of the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 – Attending circumstances including the maturity and understanding of the girl, social background of girl, age of the girl and boy etc. have to be taken into consideration. [Para 51] – Indian Penal Code, 1860 – Section 363/366/376/465/467/494/497/120-B/506 Indian Penal Code – Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006- Section 3 – Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 – Section 482 – As per the ossification test, the girl/petitioner No. 1 was found between 17-19 years of age â₠¬â€œ As per the school leaving certificate, she was 17 years of age on the date when the parties solemnised marriage – Since she has given the statement that she married of her own accord to the petitioner no. and was more than 16 years of age, FIR under sections 363/366/376/465/467/494/497/120-B/506 Indian Penal Code registered against the petitioner no. 2 is quashed. — Marriage and Guardianship – In this writ petition, the question is only of validity of marriage and guardianship – Even if the age of the girl is taken as 15 years of age at the time of incident i. e. – 27. 10. 2006, she would be 21 years of age as of now – she has not filed any proceedings for declaring the marriage as void. Therefore, the marriage becomes valid now – The question of guardianship does not arise at this stage as she is major and during the period she was minor she resided at Nirmal Chhaya- Thus, the writ petition is disposed of in the above said terms . — Held: – As per the facts noted in Para 10 above, Shivani @ Deepika at the time of her marriage was less than 16 years of age, her date of birth being 3. 6. 1994 – It was directed that she would remain at Nirmal Chhaya – However, as the per the aforesaid date of birth i. e. – 3. 6. 1994, she has attained majority on 3. 6. 2012 – The petition was filed by Sh. Devender Kumar who married her habeas corpus was claiming her custody. She has attained majority, she is free to go anywhere – with these directions, this petition stands disposed of. [Para 56,57 58] — Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929 which now stands repealed by Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006. Para 16] – Thus, irrespective of personal laws under Act child marriages are prohibited. – By declaring that the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 shall apply to all citizens, the parliament has intended to allow the Prohibition of Child Marriage Ac t, 2006 to override the provisions of Hindu Marriage Act to the extent of inconsistencies between these two enactments. Similarly, Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 will override the personal law. [Para 20] – Thus, the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006, being a special law, will have overriding effect over the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 to the extent of any inconsistency between the two enactments. For this reason, the court took the view that Section 3 of Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 would have overriding effect over the Hindu Marriage Act and the marriage with a minor child would not be valid but voidable and would become valid if within two years from the date of attaining 18 years in the case of female and 21 years in the case of male, a petition is not filed before the District Court under section 3 [1] of the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 for annulling the marriage. Similarly, after attaining eighteen years of age in the case of female, or twenty one years of age in the case of a male, the marriage shall become a full-fledged valid marriage. Until such an event of acceptance of the marriage or lapse of limitation period, the marriage shall continue to remain as a voidable marriage. Para 21] – If the marriage is annulled as per Section 3[1] of the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006, the same shall take effect from the date of marriage and, in such an event, in the eye of law there shall be no marriage at all between the parties at any point of time. [Para 22] – Stronger punishments for offences under Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 have been prescribed and that the offences have also been made cognizable and non-bailable but, this does not in any event have any impact on the validity of the child marriage. — It has made a specific provision for void marriages under certain circumstances but did not render all child marriages void. [Para 23] — Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 as noticed above is a secular law and is a latter enactment, which specifically deals with the problem of child marriages. Religion of the contracting party does not matter. Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 being a â€Å"Special Act† and being a subsequent legislation, to this extent and in case there is any conflict, will override the provisions of Hindu marriage Act or for that matter nay personal law. [Para 30] — Registration of marriage has still not been made compulsory. Compulsory registration mandates that the age of the girl and the boy getting married have to be mentioned. If implemented properly, it would discourage parents from marrying off their minor children since a written document of their ages would prove the illegality of such marriages. This would probably be able to tackle the sensitive issue of minor marriages upheld by personal laws. Para 38] —- The marriage contracted with a female of less than 18 years or a male of less than 21 years would not be a void marriage but voidable one, which would become valid if no steps are taken by such â€Å"Child† within the meaning of Section 2[a] of the Prohibit ion of Child Marriage Act, 2006 under Section 3 of the said Act seeking declaration of this marriage as void. [Para 40]. CEDAW The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, commonly known as CEDAW, is an international bill attempting to end discrimination against women. Article 16, Marriage and Family Life, states that all women, as well as men, have the right to choose their spouse, to have the same responsibilities, and to decide on how many children and the spacing between them. This convention states that child marriage should not have a legal effect, all action must be taken to enforce a minimum age, and that all marriages must be put into an official registry. 17] India signed the convention on July 30, 1980 but made the declaration that, because of the nation’s size and amount of people, it’s impractical to have a registration of marriages. [18] Why parents choose child marriage Parents of a child entering into a child marriage are often poor and use the marriage as a way to make her future better, especially in areas with little economic opportunities. During times of war, parents will often marry off their young child to protect her from the conflicts raging around her. Some families still use child marriage to build alliances, as they did during the medieval ages. Statistically, a girl in a child marriage has less of a chance to go to school, and parents think education will undermine her ability to be a traditional wife and mother. Virginity is an important part of Indian culture, and parents want to ensure their daughters do not have pre-marital sex, and child marriage is an easy way to fix this. [19] Consequences of child marriage Early maternal deaths Roza Olyai, an Indian gynecologist and the National Chairperson for the Adolescent Health Committee of the Federation of the Obstetric and Gynecological Societies of India said, â€Å"Early marriage has many medical risks. The reproductive organs are not fully developed. The body is not ready. Teenage mothers, especially those below 18 years, risk hypertensive disorder, eclampsia, pre-eclampsia, and post-partum hemorrhage. â€Å"[20] Girls who marry earlier in life are less likely to be informed about reproductive issues,[21] and because of this, pregnancy-related deaths are known to be the leading cause of mortality among married girls between 15 and 19 years of age. [22] These girls are twice more likely to die in childbirth than girls between 20 and 24 years of age. [23] Girls younger than 15 years of age are 5 times more likely to die in childbirth. [24][25] HIV and AIDS Girls entering into a child marriage are sometimes significantly younger than their husbands, who can be more sexually experienced. Marrying young and being sexually active can increase a girl’s chance of becoming HIV-positive by more than 75%. [26] Infant health Infants born to mothers under the age of 18 are 60% more likely to die in their first year than to mothers over the age of 19. If the children survive, they are more likely to suffer from low birth weight, malnutrition, and late physical and cognitive development. [27][28] Fertility outcomes A study conducted in India by the International Institute for Population Sciences and Macro International in 2005 and 2006 showed high fertility, low fertility control, and poor fertility outcomes data within child marriages. 90. 8% of young married women reported no use of a contraceptive prior to having their first child. 23. 9% reported having a child within the first year of marriage. 17. % reported having three or more children over the course of the marriage. 23% reported a rapid repeat childbirth, and 15. 2% reported an unwanted pregnancy. 15. 3% reported a pregnancy termination (stillbirths, miscarriages or abortions). [29] Fertility rates are higher in slums than in urban areas. [30] Lac k of education and poverty Marrying young is often associated with a lack of education and higher rates of poverty. Because of household responsibilities, pregnancy, and child rearing, young girls do not have access to schooling and income opportunities. [31] Violence Young girls in a child marriage are more likely to experience domestic violence in their marriages as opposed to older women. A study conducted in India by the International Center for Research on Women showed that girls married before 18 years of age are twice as likely to be beaten, slapped, or threatened by their husbands[32] and three times more likely to experience sexual violence. [33] Young brides often show symptoms of sexual abuse and post-traumatic stress. [34] Prevention programs in India Apni Beti, Apna Dhan (ABAD), which translates to â€Å"Our Daughter, Our Wealth,† is one of India’s first conditional cash transfer programs dedicated to delaying young marriages across the nation. In 1994, the Indian government implemented this program in the state of Haryana. On the birth of a mother’s first, second, or third child, they are set to receive 500 rupees, or 11 USD, within the first 15 days to cover their post-delivery needs. Along with this, the government gives 2,500 rupees, or 55 USD, to invest in a long-term savings bond in the daughter’s name, which can be later cashed for 25,000 rupees, or 550 USD, after her 18 birthday. She can only receive the money if she is not married. Anju Malhotra, an expert on child marriage and adolescent girls said of this program, â€Å"No other conditional cash transfer has this focus of delaying marriage†¦ It’s an incentive to encourage parents to value their daughters. â€Å"[35] The International Center for Research on Women will evaluate Apni Beti, Apna Dhan over the course of the year 2012, when the program’s initial participants turn 18, to see if the program, particularly the cash incentive, has motivated parents to delay their daughters’ marriages. â€Å"We have evidence that conditional cash transfer programs are very effective in keeping girls in school and getting them immunized, but we don’t yet have proof that this strategy works for preventing marriage,† said Pranita Achyut, the program manager for Apni Beti, Apna Dhan. â€Å"If Haryana state’s approach proves to be valuable, it could potentially be scaled up to make a significant difference in many more girls’ lives – and not only in India. †[36] How to cite India Child marriage, Essay examples

Cash Flow Estimation and Risk Analysis free essay sample

Then in the early 1960s, when wine sales were expanding rapidly , he joined with his brother Marshall and several other producers to form Robert Montoya, Inc. , which then began an aggressive promotion campaign. Today, its wines are sold throughout the world. The table wine market has matured and Robert Montoya’s wine cooler sales have been steadily decreasing. Consequently, to increase winery sales, management is currently considering a potential new product: a premium varietal red wine using the cabernet sauvignon grape. The new wine is designed to middle-to-upper-income professionals. The new product, Suave Mauve, would be positioned between the traditional table wines and super premium table wines. In market research samplings at the company’s Napa Valley headquarters, it was judged superior to various competing products. Sarah Sharpe, the financial vice president, must analyze this project, and then present her findings to the company’s executive committee. Production facilities for the new wine would be set up in unused section of Robert Montoya’s main plant. We will write a custom essay sample on Cash Flow Estimation and Risk Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page New machinery with an estimated cost of $2,200,000 would be purchased, but shipping costs to move the machinery to Robert Montoya’s plant would total $80,000, and installation charges would add another $120,000 to the total equipment cost. Furthermore, Robert Montoya’s inventories (the new product requires aging for 5 years in oak barrels made in France) would have to be increased by $100,000. This cash flow is assumed to occur at the time of the initial investment. The machinery has a remaining economic life of 4 years, and the company has obtained a special tax ruling that allows it to depreciate the equipment under the MACRS 3-year class life. Under current tax law, the depreciation allowances are 0. 33, 0. 45, 0. 15, and 0. 07 in Years 1 through 4 respectively. The machinery is expected to have a salvage value of $150,000 after 4 years of use. The section of the plant in which production would occur had not been used for several years and, consequently, had suffered some deterioration. Last year, as part of a routine facilities improvement program, $300,000 was spent to rehabilitate that section of the main plant. Earnie Jones, the chief accountant, believes that this outlay, which has already been paid and expensed for tax purposes, should be charged to the wine project. His contention is that if the rehabilitation had not taken place, the firm would have had to spend the $300,000 to make the plant suitable for the wine project. Robert Montoya’s management expects to sell $100,000 bottles of the new wine in each of the next 4 years, at a wholesale price of $40 per bottle, but $32 per bottle would be needed to cover cash operating costs. In examining the sales figures, Sharpe noted a short memo from Robert Montoya’s sales manager which expressed concern that the wine project would cut into the frim’s sales of other wines – this type of effect is called cannibalization. Specifically, the sales manager estimated that existing wine sales would fall by 5 percent if the new wine were introduced. Sharpe then talked to both the sales and production managers and concluded that the new project would probably lower the firm’s existing wine sales by $60,000 year, but, at the same time, it would also reduce production costs by $40,000 per year, all on a pre-tax basis. Thus, the net externality effect would be -$60,000 + $40,000 = -$20,000. Robert Montoya’s federal-plus-state tax rate is 40 percent, and its overall cost of capital is 10 percent, calculated as follows: WACC= Wd kd (1 – T) + Ws ks = 0. 5 (10%)(0. 6)+0. 5(14%) = 10% Now assume that you are Sharpe’s assistant and she has asked you to analyze this project, along with two other projects, and then to present your findings in a â€Å"tutorial† manner to Robert Montoya’s executive committee. As financial vice president. Sharpe wants to educate some of the other executives, especially the marketing and sales managers, in the theory of capital budgeting so that these executives will have a better understanding of capital budgeting decisions. Therefore, Sharpe wants you to ask and then answer a series of questions as set forth next. Keep in mind that you will be questioned closely during your presentation, so you should understand every step of the analysis, including any assumptions and weaknesses that may be lurking in the background and that someone might spring on you in the meeting. 1 Questions 1. Define the term â€Å"incremental cash flow. † Since the project will be financed in part by debt, should the cash flow statement include interest expenses? Explain. 2. Should the $300,000 that was spent to rehabilitate the plant be included in the analysis? Explain. 3. Suppose another winemaker had expressed an interest in leasing the wine production site for $300,000 a year. If this were true (in fact it was not), how would that information be incorporated into the analysis? 4. What is Robert Montoya’s Year 0 net investment outlay on this project? What is the expected no operating cash flow when the project is terminated at Year 4? (Hint: Use Table 1 as a guide) 5. Estimate the project’s operating cash flows. (Hint: Again use Table 1as a guide) What are the project’s NPV, IRR, modified IRR (MIRR), and payback?

Vocational Education in America free essay sample

An analysis of the future of vocational education in America. This paper discusses the pros and cons of vocational education training in the U.S. and how it can be seriously jeopardized by state and local cut-backs. Vocational education is most often part of state and local cut-backs. It is also worth noting that in 1965 the voters in St. Louis County passed a tax levy to provide 10 cents per $100 in assessed valuation for vocational education. Today, almost 30 years later, the district still uses only about 11 cents of its levy to provide vocational education (Wolfrum, 1995). The decline of student enrollments in vocational education over the last 10 years is not limited to the St. Louis area. It seems to be a national trend due largely in part to the perception that a college education is necessary and that vocational students do not need further education (Wolfrum 1995).

Gothic Cathedrals Essays - Church Architecture, Gothic Architecture

Gothic Cathedrals Essays - Church Architecture, Gothic Architecture Gothic Cathedrals tracery : The tracery in a rose window of Washington Cathedral, Washington, DC. This graphic displays four different photos they amount to a zoom into the tracery. Also see fenestration, foil, quatrefoil, and stained glass. rose window s: transept - An aisle between the apse and nave. It cuts across the nave and side aisles to form a cross-shaped floor plan. Also see architecture, cathedral, and Gothic. nave - The major, central part of a church where the congregation gathers. It leads from the main entrance to the altar and choir, and is usually flanked by side aisles. An example: A photo of the nave of the cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris, France, as seen upon entering it from the narthex, and looking toward the altar. The ceiling's vaults are visible above. Light is entering the nave through stained glass windows. Also see column and pier. aisle - A long, narrow space on either side of the nave of a church, usually between a row of columns or piers and the outer wall. It is often referred to as a side aisle. choir - The part of a church where services are sung. It is usually east of the transept, and within the chancel, but may extend into the nave. chancel - The part of a church reserved for clergy and containing the altar and the choir. ltarpiece or altar-piece - A piece of artwork which is placed above and either on or behind an altar in a Christian church or other religious platform. Usually it is a votive painting, a set of painted and/or carved panels (often a triptych), or a decorative screen.

Ansel Adams Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ansel Adams - Term Paper Example At the same time, he provided ample importance to experimentation in the field of photography. Thesis statement: Ansel Easton Adams’ contributions to the context of photography prove that he made use of the same as a medium to communicate with the viewers and to express his views on nature, and his works are symbolic of the amalgamation of photography, environmental awareness, and music under a single roof. Biographical information Adams was born in the year 1902, in California. Adams’ father (Charles Hitchcock Adams) was a businessman (say, lumber business), who worked with his father (Adams’s grandfather). But Charles Hitchcock Adams was not interested in business because he was interested in Astronomy. In addition, Adams’ father was deeply influenced by Ralph Waldo Emerson’s naturalism. His mother, Olive Bray Adams was a homemaker. During his childhood, Adams was hyperactive and it prevented him from being the part of traditional schooling. So, A dams completed his school education by private tuitions. Besides, this de-schooling deeply influenced his later life as a nature photographer. Later, he joined Mrs. Kate M. Wilkins Private School to complete his education. One can see that Adams’ photographs represent his deep relationship with nature which was deeply indebted to his father’s influence upon him. ... Gradually, Adams began to participate in art exhibitions and exhibited his works. In the year 1928, he married a young lady named as Virginia Best, who later became the owner of Best's Studio. One can see that his career as a photographer is deeply influenced by music. Besides, Adams was interested in experimental photography. In the year 1933, he was able to open a gallery, specially prepared to exhibit his creative works in photography. This initiative was helpful to establish himself as a professional photographer. Adams passed away in the year 1984. Important works Some of the important works by Ansel Adams, like Rose and Driftwood, Clearing Winter Storm, Moonrise, and The Tetons and the Snake River are discussed here. As pointed out, Adams’ works are renowned for the close relationship with nature. He tried his level best to portray the secrets of nature, through the eyes of a naturalist. The photograph named as Rose and Driftwood (see appendix-1), 1932, which was capture d by him in San Francisco is the rare combination of animate and inanimate objects in nature. For instance, the rose represents the animate objects and the rosewood represents the inanimate objects in nature. Besides, this photograph is symbolic of his decision to give up his career as a musician. At the same time, this photograph reveals Adams’ awareness on the wise usage of natural light in photography. In addition, the similarity between the petals of the rose flower and the pattern on the driftwood is noteworthy. The photograph named as Clearing Winter Storm (see appendix-2) was captured by Adams in the year 1940. One can see that this photograph was taken at Yosemite National Park. Adams waited for a long time to capture this photograph because and

Conservation tasks used by Piaget, James Mc Garrigle and Margaret Essay

Conservation tasks used by Piaget, James Mc Garrigle and Margaret Donaldson - Essay Example The results suggest that whether children conserve or not does not depend on either of the two tasks used but rather on their mastery of identity. This study aims at exploring Piaget's Task on conservation in children and critically evaluating it in the light of the more recent procedure described by (McGarrigle and Donaldson, 1975). Conservation is defined as the realization that number of items, measure or length is not related to arrangement or look of the objects or items. An examle is when a child is presented with a glass full of water, will they be able to deduct that if that same water is transferred to a broader but plumper cup, then will it conserve the quantity and be the same Piaget argues that during the early childhood stage (below 6 years), children's ability to perform logical mental operations is inadequate. In his research, Piaget identified four stages in cognitive development namely; Sensorimotor stage (Infancy), Pre-operational stage(2-7 years), Concrete operational stage (7-11 years) and Formal operational stage (Adolescence through adulthood). ... Children in pre operational stage fail the the test of conservation because their thinking process does not comprehend the three principles of reversibility, compensation and identity. This has been interpreted to mean that before certain ages children are not able to perceive things in certain ways. The theories have found wide usage especially in developing school curricula, however other psychologists have disagreed with them. They have argued that conservation tasks do not necessarily reveal an essential limitation in the child's appreciation of quantity. Below are some of the arguments as to why children may fail to conserve: That the subjects may be distracted by the procedure. They may think that the experimenter wants them to answer in a certain way especially if the question is repeated. That the child may forget if the experimenter interfered with the information stored in Short Term Memory. Porpodas (1987). The children may not understand the relational terms. That the conservation task being artificial would normally make no sense to a child. Lenz (2003) argues that Piaget does not take into account matters of simplicity or complexity of the task and that if a task is simple enough the child may perform correctly but if complex, even an older child may make pre-operational mistakes. Indeed, in an effort to illustrate that children younger than in Piaget's typical age can conserve, many researchers have modified Piaget's original procedure. For instance McGarrigle and Donaldson (1975) assert that if the transformation is bought about accidentally then the number of 5-6 year olds conserving will go up. This study is to

Culturally competent care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Culturally competent care - Essay Example This means that the department of veteran affairs is forced to meet with the needs of many soldiers over a prolonged time period- something which has forced it to expand in order to cater for the needs of various ex-soldiers from different ethnic backgrounds. There is a reason why army veterans require specialized care. Military service members do not face the same challenges as other members of the society. Their very job requires them to put their lives in danger constantly whenever the country is engaged in a conflict with a different nation. Many times, the challenges that soldiers face are life-threatening and require immediate specialized care. Some of these injuries include gunshot wounds, lost limbs, wounds caused by shrapnel and head injuries that affect a soldier’s daily functions or even speech and thought patterns. Military service members may also be exposed to environmental pollutants like harmful chemicals used by the opposing army, contaminated water and biolog ical weapons. There are also the mental stresses of being in a war. Being separated from one’s family and friends for an extended period of time is a difficult thing for any ordinary human being. It becomes harder for both the soldier and his or her family when both parties are aware that the soldier might never return home. Many times, the families of soldiers have sought counseling services to help them to cope with such possibilities. Another cause of mental anguish is the act of war. Killing and maiming other human beings is a difficult undertaking for even the most hard-hearted individual. Soldiers are required to do it repeatedly and automatically when ordered to do so by their commanding officers. They are also expected to ignore their fears and constantly put themselves in the way of danger. This causes mental problems such as post traumatic stress disorder and depression- which are conditions that the soldiers carry home with them even after the war is over (Jakupcak , Luterek, Hunt, Conbeare and McFall, 2008). According to (Erbes, Westermeyer, Engdahl and Johnsen (2007), more than ten war veterans commit suicide every day due to their inability to handle mental states of depressions and post traumatic stress disorder. There have also recently been reports of war veterans who took their own lives after eliminating their whole families. When they return from war situations, soldiers require healthcare benefits that will enable them to live with some measure of peace and comfort. They also usually require a lot of mental support so that they can process through the horrifying things that they may have witnessed during the war. The department of Veteran Affairs has successfully established a 24-hour suicide hot-line that helps soldiers to deal with issues they may be experiencing but feel unable to tell even family members. Standards of cultural competence that appear to be met and any that are not met The Department of Veteran Affairs defines mino rity veterans as ex-soldiers who are of Asian American, African Americans, Pacific Islander, Native American, Hispanic, Native Hawaiian, or Alaska Native origin. According to the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), roughly 20% of the country’s 23.5 million veterans are from these ethnic backgrounds (National Alliance on Mental Illness, 2013). Similar to other racial minority populations

Case Study In Specialty Practice And Epilepsy

Case Study In Specialty Practice And Epilepsy Around fifty million people worldwide suffer from epilepsy, making seizures a common cause for patients to present to emergency departments for treatment (WHO, 2009). They pose for complicated management as the occurrence of further seizures in the ED can result in life threatening complications. A seizure can be defined as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a hyperexcitation of neurons in the brain leading to a sudden, violent involuntary series of contractions of a group of musclesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦A seizure may be clonic or tonic: focal, unilateral, or bilateral: generalised or partial (Anderson (Ed.), 2002, p. 1554). This case study aims to discuss a patient presenting post seizure activity outlining the presenting and foreseen patient problems including a dependant nursing intervention and its role in seizure management. This paper will discuss the presentation of a sixty-one year old Caucasian male, with a complex medical history. His presentation post a witnessed generalised tonic clonic seizure wi ll be explored including the interventions performed by nursing staff. In this case the prescription of Phenytoin was explored as a dependent nursing intervention that aims to provide symptom relief and cessation of seizure activity by binding to inactive sodium channels to prevent neurons firing and therefore prevent muscle contraction (Aschenbrenner Venable, 2009). Thereafter the paper aims to critically appraise the evidence based literature surrounding its use, discussing its effectiveness in the management of the patient discussed and the evaluation of its use. Any gaps in literature will then be identified outlining suggestions for recommendations to improve current practice. On arrival to the Emergency Department (ED) via ambulance the patient was triaged as a category one and transferred to the resuscitation cubicle for immediate assessment and intervention. He was witnessed by a friend to have full body shaking with eyes closed and was unresponsive for approximately two minutes. The patients history includes alcohol abuse, asthma, epilepsy, heavy smoker and chronic back pain. The patient is generally non-compliant with medications and usually drinks a four litre cask of wine per day of which he has not had for the past three days. The patient was found to be post-ictal following the seizure and remained agitated for some hours after. The patient had multiple problems which include a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) of 8-9, agitation, hypertension, and a threatened airway and therefore required a Nasopharygeal airway. He was noted to continue to desaturate on room air. It can be seen that ensuring the patency of the patients airway is essential in first line management to decrease complications such as tissue hypoxia, hypertension and decreased cerebral blood flow. Thereafter an A,B,C,D assessment approach should be undertaken with interventions aiming to cease seizure activity being a priority (Tesoro Brophy, 2010). A seizure that lasts longer than thirty minutes can have devastating effects on the patient; initially causing an increase in autonomic activity which can lead to hypertension, tachycardia, hyperglycemia, and sweating. However if the seizure continues on greater than thirty minutes, then further deterioration can occur. As metabolic demand during a seizure is high, the body is no longer able to compensate for this. As a result cerebral autoregulation is lost, cerebral blood flow decreases, intracranial pressure rises and hypotension occurs (Tesoro Brophy, 2010). Furthermore if the seizure continues on past this time, death and perman ent brain damage can transpire (Rabinstein, 2010). While the management of a patient having a seizure involves multiple interventions, this case study will discuss one dependant intervention being the administration of IV Phenytoin 1gram in 100mls Normal Saline given over thirty minutes. This decision was made by the treating medical officer as the patient was already taking oral Phenytoin, however was likely that a therapeutic dose range was not achieved due to patient non-compliance. The IV route was chosen as the patient could not swallow tablets and therapeutic levels were required immediately for the safety of the patient (Gallop, 2010). While the patient is already on Phenytoin he is therefore assumed not to be allergic to it, however there can be other side effects to this drug when it is given via the IV route. These include local reactions to the IV site, arrhythmias, dizziness and hyponatremia (Gilad, Izkovitz, Dabby, Rapport, Sadeh, Weller Lampl, 2008). While another study also reports adverse effects of hypotension (Aaro nson, Belgado, Spillane Kunisaki, 2010). For the patient involved these side effects were considered minimal compared to the benefit of stopping the seizure. The nursing implications for this medication include regular cardiac and blood pressure monitoring, both during and after the infusion is completed (Gallop, 2010). Numerous studies have been conducted on the use of Phenytoin considering adverse effects, efficacy and in comparison to other antiepileptic drugs. While Phenytoin was used in this case study as the patient was already taking it orally, it was shown to work as the seizure activity ceased. However the study by Zeng, Wang, Xi Yan (2010), illustrate that 39% of patients in their study pulled out due to poor control of seizures. Similar findings were also discovered by Hiba et. al., (2010), who reported less than 40% of patients were seizure free over a twelve month period. Misra, Kalita Patel (2006) also report findings of reduced efficacy of Phenytoin when compared to Sodium Valporate. Ramsay et al., (2010), further substantiates this with more patients leaving the study due to various reasons when compared to that of Topiramate. However, this study then reports that superiority of Topiramate could not be established, with a p value of 0.366. In comparison Gallop (2010), conducted a r eview and found it to be moderately effective for Status Epilepticus (SE) patients and could also be used to prevent early post-traumatic seizures. Turnbull, Howel, Rawlins Chadwick (1985), also report similar findings with efficacy and determined that no statistical difference was found between Phenytoin and Valporate for seizure control, with a p=0.4, both showing similarly good control of seizure activity over a two year period. Several studies have shown a number of adverse effects post the IV administration of Phenytoin in the patient having a seizure. Gallop (2010) and Earnest, Marx Drury (1983), report studies showing burning and pain to the IV site during administration. Tesoro Brophy (2010) also report an adverse effect of pain and oedema to the IV site, however all studies reported pain ceased when the infusion was slowed or diluted further. Other adverse effects were noted by Gilad, et. al., (2008), reporting 12% of patients in the study showed cardiac arrhythmia, vertigo and hyponatremia, however noting a p value 0.035. Further studies show similar findings; Gallop (2010) reports hypotension, bradyarrhythmias and arrest; Aaronson et. al., (2010) shows only hypotension with no statistical difference noted between Phenytoin and Fosphenytoin in terms of adverse reactions. Turnbull et.al., (1985), report on the oral form of Phenytoin and note reactions of rashes, nystagmus, tremor and ataxia. Zeng et. al., (2010), report similar findings with most common reactions being loss of appetite, nystagmus, nausea, fatigue and tremor. Phenytoin was used for the patient to control his seizures as he was already taking its oral form and it was assumed that Phenytoin provided him with good efficacy. However based on the research conducted for this case study, there is no definitive antiepileptic drug that provides excellent efficacy for every patient. A number of studies show several adverse effects relating to Phenytoin and some studies suggest Sodium Valporate as a substitute, which has a limited number of documented adverse reactions. Gilad et. al., (2008) make this suggestion, with 87.8% of patients receiving good seizure control with Sodium Valporate with no recorded side effects, however 88% of patients on Phenytoin also report good efficacy. However other studies, for example Gallop (2010), show good seizure control when administered to patients suffering SE and in post-traumatic seizures. While another study suggests that no superiority was found between Phenytoin and Topiramate in terms of efficacy, however would recommend Topiramate for its reduced number of adverse effects (Ramsay et. al., 2010). While no medication is ever risk free, all adverse effects should be considered and consultation made of whether the risks outweigh the benefits. In this case study the intervention of Phenytoin was decided to be of benefit to the patient, to stop him from having life threatening seizures. While the evidence shows Phenytoin to be of risk to the patient in terms of adverse effects it did stop this patient from seizing while recording no adverse reactions, which suggests good efficacy. The use of Phenytoin, as previously stated, does have its risks, however these can be minimised with recommendations for best practice. Gallop (2010), and Tesoro Brophy (2010), suggest an infusion rate for IV Phenytoin no greater than 50mg/min and monitoring of blood pressure and ECG during and post infusion. Earnest et. al., (1983), make similar recommendations with suggestions of a dilution down to 6.7mg/mL with an infusion rate 40mg/min, with a total dose of 10-15mg/kg, also suggesting regular observations both during and after the infusion is completed. Other studies then suggest a combination of medications. Rabinstein (2010), suggests administration of an antiepileptic drug and also the use of Benzodiazepine. Tesoro Brophy make this same suggestion; stating that Benzodiazepines should be first line and then treat with anticonvulsants. While most studies are able to provide evidence from research carried out, all make the suggestion for further, larger studies, to provide furt her substantiation prior to change of clinical practice. The patient was loaded with IV Phenytoin 1 gram, diluted in 100mls Normal Saline and given over thirty minutes, giving a dilution of 10mg/mL; a slightly higher rate than that suggested by Earnest et. al., (1983), however a slower infusion of 33mg/min, than the suggested 50mg/mL by Gallop (2010), and Tesoro Brophy (2010). The patient was also given Midazolam 3mg in increments for agitation post the seizure, with good effect. The patient at no time became hypotensive or bradycardiac with nil rash, nausea or nystagmus. The patient eventually returned to a GCS 15 and was admitted to the ward for observation. In summary this case study discusses the dependant intervention of Phenytoin administration to a patient that presents to the ED while having a seizure. Various studies report hypotension and bradycardia as life threatening adverse reactions to Phenytoin, however these can be minimised with slow IV infusion. Best practice suggests an infusion rate of 50mg/min with a dilution of 6.7mg/ml. While Phenytoin had good efficacy for this patient, some studies report Sodium Valporate as most efficient, however no antiepileptic drug is found to be superior over all. More research and larger scale studies are recommended prior to application of intervention to clinical practice from the research discussed.

Concepts of Family and Home in Jane Austens Persuasion Essay -- Jane

Concepts of Family and Home in Jane Austen's Persuasion In Jane Austen's last completed novel, Persuasion, England is one large family with two distinct branches, the navy and the aristocratic upper class-it is no accident that the two large books consulted in the novel are the Baronetage and the Naval Lists. The naval family poses a threat to the aristocratic family; in fact, undertones of social instability riddle the text, through imagery of death, illness, and accident. The marriages of Anne Elliott, Louisa Musgrove, and Harriet Musgrove reveal a gentry which can only redeem itself through intermarriage with the professional meritocratic class, symbolically taking on their values of utility and social responsibility, and abandoning an idle aristocracy in decline. In Persuasion, the only novel of Austen's that does not center around a landed estate, the letting of Kellynch Hall shows an aristocracy ousted from its familial seats of power, in favor of the fashionable world of Bath. Landed responsibility is given up for a hollow world of rented rooms and social display. The aristocracy is replaced in their hallowed hall by members of the new meritocracy, the Admiral and Mrs. Croft. The English navy has been world-renowned from the time of the Spanish Armada, in 1588, and played a key role in the expansion of the British Empire; not only does the navy serve as an example of Englishness, it helped create that very notion of national identity. In Persuasion, Austen domesticates the navy, portraying it as one large brotherhood. In fact, Captain Wentworth cancels a trip to his biological brother in order to visit his injured friend, Captain Harville. Officers discuss transporting each other's wives to and fro on their boats,... ... Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. 1813. London: Penguin Classics, 2003. Beer, Gillian. Introduction. Persuasion. By Jane Austen. London: Penguin Classics, 1998. vii-xxviii. Butler, Marilyn. Jane Austen and the War of Ideas. 1975. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987. Wiltshire, John. Jane Austen and the Body. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Works Consulted Austen, Jane. Mansfield Park. 1814. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1998. Austen, Jane. Emma. 1816. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2000. Colley, Linda. Britons: Forging the Nation 1707-1837. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992. Copeland, Edward and Juliet McMaster, eds. The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Johnson, Claudia. Jane Austen: Women, Politics, and the Novel. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.

Home (Business Overview)

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Businesses that are able to offer this service attract more customers because of their ability to provide a flexible and convenient dimension of payment. Like internet financial transactions, mWallet eliminates the hassle of waiting in lines or in long phone queues in order to make purchases. Yet, mWallet also adds an extra dimension of convenience, in that is allows customers to make these transactions without access to a computer or to the internet.Name of Company offers the following services:mWallet  Equip your business with the versatility of accepting credit card and other payments via mobile phone  Online Transactions  mWallet still gives your business the ability to participate in a number of online E-Commerce Transactions.  In-Person Transactions, or online  The safe, fast and reliable method of in-person money transfer is still available with mWallet.Fraud ProtectionWe guarantee the safety of all the transactions made through our system. Our watchdogs are on the job night and day to protect against system hacks and other methods of informatio n theft.UpdatesWe continually update you with industry changes, new features, and financial news that might affect or improve your company’s ability to process mWallet transactions locally or worldwide.ServicesmWalletEquip your business with the versatility of accepting credit card and other payments via mobile phone. This is an alternative payment processing method that will ensure that you remain on the cutting edge of transaction processing technology, enabling you to attract a wider variety of clientele. Integrate your business’s financial transaction software interface with a mobile application making it easy for clients to bank on the go. Plus, the flexibility that this method offers your clients in being able to pay from almost anywhere in the world, with or without a computer, will ensure that you keep money flowing into your business at all times. Plus mWallet saves you more in payment transaction costs than other methods, such as reverse billing and premium S MS.With mWallet, give your customers the ability toØ   Check balanceØ   Transfer moneyØ   Make paymentsØ   Log into a secure serverØ   Bank or pay with easeOnlinemWallet still gives your business the ability to participate in a number of online E-Commerce Transactions and integrates credit card processing and other non-traditional payment methods with your online business. Plus we connect you to global financial transfer services such as PayPal. Your clients simply link their bank accounts, credit cards, or PayPal accounts to their mWallet accounts and you begin processing transactions.In PersonThe safe, fast and reliable method of in-person money transfer is still available with mWallet as an excellent solution for processing payments and other transactions. Offer your clients the ability to direct such transfers straight to your account or simply to facilitate the making and pick-up of payments more convenient to do in person.Fraud ProtectionWe also give y ou fraud protection, as our Watchdogs are consistently on the job to ensure the security of all transactions made through our interfaces, so you may offer your clients 100% guaranteed information safety. Plus, the inherent security of GSM networks as well as the built-in user authentication capability of mobile phones makes mWallet the secure option for monetary transactionsContact UsWe exceed the industry standard with our highly acclaimed customer service, which pinpoints the precise requirement of every potential client and tailors solutions specifically to fit their business. Our representatives are eager to place you on a path that dramatically increases the availability of your services to a wider range of clients. Our customer service is client-specific, based on intimate knowledge of the financial and commercial industry and the intelligent methods of integrating technology to simplify all its processes. You can always reach us immediately by phone and you will always receiv e consultation in a pleasant and information-rich atmosphere.Call our 24-hour customer service lines at ####The benefits we offer are immediately recognizable in the ease with which your business will be able to attract clients and make the appropriate financial transactions that will simplify the process for both parties. As with everything, we provide a wide variety of contact solutions to make it easy for your business to branch out on the mWallet path. If simplicity, speed, reliability, and security are high on your list of preferences for global transaction management, then be sure to contact us via the methods below. And if you would like a call back, we are ready to offer that service to you as well.Visit our offices atADDRESS(ES)Or email us at email address to get a precise and client-specific response within 24 hoursSign UpWe know that time is money, and lengthy methods of negotiating transaction management solutions are not conducive to the imperative and progressive natur e of your business. Our activation methods are designed with this in mind and have been engineered integrate speed with comprehensiveness so that your mWallet capabilities will be up and running in no time.Simply fill out the form below with specific information regarding your business, and our representatives will use this information to provide you with the most inclusive package options that will fit the needs of your company.1. What is mWallet?mWallet is a specific method of Mobile Money Transfer. This new financial phenomenon is a method that allows the consumer to link a mobile phone account to his/her bank account or credit card and perform financial transactions, such as making payments, transferring money, and receiving payments via their mobile phone2. What are the benefits of mWallet?mWallet allows the consumer to make payments directly from their bank accounts or credit cards without having to get in touch directly with a human vendor. Like internet financial transaction s, it eliminates the need to wait in lines or in long phone queues in order to make purchases. It also adds an extra dimension of convenience, in that is allows these transactions to be made without access to a computer or the internet.3. How can mWallet benefit my business?mWallet attracts clients as it offers a flexible and convenient dimension of payment. It removes many of the burdens connected with performing transactions, such as long waits in queues, and makes the products consumers want to buy much easier to obtain. mWallet also grants the ability to do money transfers internationally. Therefore, given the option, many consumers would choose to do business with a vendor that offers mWallet as an alternative payment/transaction method.4. How popular is the Mobile Money Transfer Service?According to the World Bank, the market for global remittances is a multi-billion dollar industry, and this excludes the informal methods people use to make transactions because of the lack of convenience of other methods. mWallet taps into an already booming industry, but one which demonstrates capacity for growth in the area of mobile phone technology.5. How will mWallet improve the transfer experience for businesses?mWallet is much cheaper for business to offer as a service. The cost to the business is significantly lower than reverse billing, premium SMS, and other similar methods.6. How will mWallet improve the transfer experience for the customer?Ø   Decreasing the cost of performing money transfers, especially for lower monetary denominationsØ   Speeding up the money transfer processØ   Offering improved security methods through the inherently secure GSM networks and the high level of user authentication provided through mobile handsetsØ   Increasing ease of access by integrating the software for transactions with the already existing global mobile phone networks

The Geography of Crimea

The Geography of Crimea Crimea is a region of the southern area of Ukraine on the Crimean Peninsula. It is located along the Black Sea and covers almost the entire area of the peninsula with the exception of the Sevastopol, a city that is currently being disputed by Russia and Ukraine. Ukraine considers Crimea to be within its jurisdiction, while Russia considers it a portion of its territory. Recent severe political and social unrest in Ukraine led to a referendum on March 16, 2014, in which the majority of Crimea’s population voted to secede from Ukraine and join Russia. This has caused global tension and opponents claim that the election was unconstitutional. History of Crimea Throughout its very long history, the Crimean Peninsula and present-day Crimea have been under the control of a number of different peoples. Archeological evidence shows that the peninsula was inhabited by Greek colonists in the 5th-century BCE and since then there have been many different conquests and invasions. Crimea’s modern history began in 1783 when the Russian Empire annexed the area. In February 1784 Catherine the Great created the Taurida Oblast and Simferopol became the center of the oblast later that same year. At the time of Taurida Oblast’s establishment it was divided into 7 uyezds (an administrative subdivision). In 1796 Paul I abolished the oblast and the area was divided into two uyezds. By 1799 the largest towns in the territory were Simferopol, Sevastopol, Yalta, Yevpatoria, Alushta, Feodosiya, and Kerch. In 1802 Crimea became part of a new Taurida Governate that included all of Crimea and a portion of mainland areas surrounding the peninsula. The Taurida Governate’s center was Simferopol. In 1853 the Crimean War began and much of Crimea’s economic and social infrastructure was badly damaged as most of the war’s large battles were fought in the area. During the war, native Crimean Tatars were forced to flee the region. The Crimean War ended in 1856. In 1917 the Russian Civil War began and control of Crimea changed around ten times as various political entities were set up on the peninsula. On October 18, 1921, the Crimean Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic was established as a part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (SFSR). Throughout the 1930s Crimea suffered from social problems as its Crimean Tatar and Greek populations were repressed by the Russian government. In addition, two large famines occurred, one from 1921-1922 and another from 1932-1933, that exacerbated the region’s problems. In the 1930s, a large amount of Slavic peoples moved into Crimea and altered the area’s demographics. Crimea was hit hard during World War II and by 1942 much of the peninsula was occupied the German Army. In 1944 troops from the Soviet Union took control of Sevastopol. During that same year, the region’s Crimean Tatar population was deported to central Asia by the Soviet government as they were accused of collaborating with Nazi occupation forces. Shortly thereafter the region’s Armenian, Bulgarian and Greek populations were also deported. On June 30, 1945, the Crimean Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic was abolished and it became the Crimean Oblast of the Russian SFSR. In 1954 control of the Crimean Oblast was transferred from the Russian SFSR to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. During this time Crimea grew into a large tourist destination for the Russian population. When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, Crimea became a part of Ukraine and much of the Crimean Tatar population that was deported returned. This led to tensions and protests over land rights and allocations and political representatives from the Russian community in Crimea sought to strengthen the region’s ties with the Russian government. In 1996 Ukraine’s constitution specified that Crimea would be an autonomous republic but any legislation in its government would have to work with Ukraine’s government. In 1997 Russia officially recognized Ukraine’s sovereignty over Crimea. Throughout the rest of the 1990s and into the 2000s, a controversy over Crimea remained and anti-Ukrainian demonstrations took place in 2009. In late February 2014 severe political and social unrest began in Ukraine’s capital, Kyiv, after Russia suspended a proposed financial aid package. On February 21, 2014, Ukraine’s president, Viktor Yanukovych agreed to accept a weakening presidency and hold new elections by the end of the year. Russia however, refused the deal and the opposition escalated their protests causing Yanukovych to flee Kyiv on February 22, 2014. An interim government was put into place but further demonstrations began to take place in Crimea. During these protests, Russian extremists took over several government buildings in Simferopol and raised the Russian flag. On March 1, 2014, Russia’s president, Vladimir Putin, dispatched troops to Crimea, stating that Russia needed to protect the ethnic Russians in the region from extremists and anti-government protestors in Kyiv. By March 3rd, Russia was in control of Crimea. As a result of Crimea’s unrest, a referendum was held on March 16, 2014, to determine whether Crimea would remain a part of Ukraine or be annexed by Russia. The majority of Crimea’s voters approved secession but many opponents claim that the vote was unconstitutional and Ukraine’s interim government claimed that it would not accept the secession. Despite these claims, lawmakers in Russia approved a treaty on March 20, 2014, to annex Crimea amid international sanctions. On March 22, 2014, Russian troops began storming air bases in Crimea in an effort to force Ukrainian forces from the region. In addition, a Ukrainian warship was seized, protesters seized a Ukrainian naval base and pro-Russian activists held protests and rallies in Ukraine. By March 24, 2014, Ukrainian forces began to withdraw from Crimea. Government and People of Crimea Today, Crimea is considered a semi-autonomous region. It has been annexed by Russia and is considered a part of Russia by that country and its supporters. However, since Ukraine and many western countries deemed the March 2014 referendum to be illegal they still consider Crimea a part of Ukraine. Those in opposition say that the vote was illegal because it â€Å"violated Ukraine’s newly re-forged constitution and amounts to †¦ [an attempt]†¦by Russia to expand its borders to the Black Sea peninsula under a threat of force. At the time of this writing, Russia was moving forward with plans to annex Crimea despite Ukraine’s and international opposition. Russia’s main claim for wanting to annex Crimea is that it needs to protect the ethnic Russian citizens in the region from extremists and the interim government in Kyiv. The majority of Crimea’s population identifies themselves as ethnic Russian (58%) and over 50% of the population speaks Russian. Economics of Crimea Crimea’s economy is based mainly on tourism and agriculture. The city of Yalta is a popular destination on the Black Sea for many Russians as are Alushta, Eupatoria, Saki, Feodosia, and Sudak. The main agricultural products of Crimea are cereals, vegetables, and wine. Cattle, poultry and sheep breeding are also important and Crimea is home to a variety of natural resources like salt, porphyry, limestone, and ironstone. Geography and Climate of Crimea Crimea is located on the northern part of the Black Sea and on the western part of the Sea of Azov. It also borders Ukraine’s Kherson Oblast. Crimea occupies the land making up the Crimean Peninsula, which is separated from Ukraine by the Sivash system of shallow lagoons. Crimea’s coastline is rugged and made up of several bays and harbors. Its topography is relatively flat as most of the peninsula is made up of semiarid steppe or prairie lands. The Crimean Mountains are along its southeast coast. Crimea’s climate is temperate continental in its interior and summers are hot, while winters are cold. Its coastal regions are milder and precipitation is low throughout the region.

Meaning of Winter Solstice in Geography

Meaning of Winter Solstice in Geography The time around December 21 or 22 is a very important day for our planet and its relationship with the sun. December 21 is one of two solstices, days when the rays of the sun directly strike one of the two tropical latitude lines. In 2018 at precisely 5:23 p.m. EST (22:23Â  UTC) on December 21, 2018 winter begins in the Northern Hemisphere and summer begins in the Southern Hemisphere. Why the Winter Solstice Occurs The earth spins around its axis, an imaginary line going right through the planet between the north and south poles. The axis is tilted somewhat off the plane of the earths revolution around the sun. The tilt of the axis is 23.5 degrees; thanks to this tilt, we enjoy the four seasons. For several months of the year, one-half of the earth receives more direct rays of the sun than the other half. The earths axis always points to the same point in the universe. When the axis points away from the sun from December to March (because of the relative location of the earth to the sun), the southern hemisphere enjoys the direct rays of the sun during their summer months. Alternatively, when the axis tilts towards the sun, as it does between June and September, it is summer in the northern hemisphere but winter in the southern hemisphere. December 21 is called the winter solstice in the Northern Hemisphere and simultaneously the summer solstice in the Southern Hemisphere. On June 21 the solstices are reversed and summer begins in the northern hemisphere. On December 21, there are 24 hours of daylight south of the Antarctic Circle (66.5Â ° south of the equator) and 24 hours of darkness north of the Arctic Circle (66.5Â ° north of the equator). The suns rays are directly overhead along the Tropic of Capricorn (the latitude line at 23.5Â ° south, passing through Brazil, South Africa, and Australia) on December 21. Without the tilt of the earths axis, we would have no seasons. The suns rays would be directly overhead of the equator all year long. Only a slight change would occur as the earth makes its slightly elliptical orbit around the sun. The earth is furthest from the sun about July 3; this point is known as the aphelion and the earth is 94,555,000 miles away from the sun. The perihelion takes place around January 4 when the earth is a mere 91,445,000 miles from the sun. When summer occurs in a hemisphere, it is due to that hemisphere receiving more direct rays of the sun than the opposite hemisphere where it is winter. In winter, the suns energy hits the earth at oblique angles and is thus less concentrated. During spring and fall, the earths axis is pointing sideways so both hemispheres have moderate weather and the rays of the sun are directly overhead the equator. Between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5Â ° latitude south) there really are no seasons as the sun is never very low in the sky so it stays warm and humid (tropical) year-round. Only those people in the upper latitudes north and south of the tropics experience seasons.

Analytical Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Analytical Paper - Essay Example Everything is available throughout the world with the help of internet and telecommunications. In the global economy, anyone can buy and sell anything using the advanced technologies. Globalization increases the interaction, cooperation and communication among different countries. A successful globalization will not only provide economic prosperity and development but also will provide social justice and equality to all kinds of people of the society. It should bring success for the poor people also. When some of the countries are working together for a common goal then it is called internationalization. But globalization is a broader term where there is no border, no barriers for people to do trade. Globalization is the process of converting the national economy into a global economy. Critics sometimes said that globalization is only good for the developed nations as it does not create positive impacts on the developing countries. India is one of the examples of developing countries and the effect of globalization in India will be discussed in this report. From the discussion of globalization in India, it will be clear how far the globalization has created positive as well negative impacts in Indian socio-economic and cultural platform. Discussion India opened up their economy in the early nineties after facing an exchange crunch. As a result, Indian economy felt the necessity of the presence of the multinational companies for overall growth and development. In 1991, the liberalization and globalization policies marked the beginning of a new era in Indian history. Economic effect Indian economy from the time of independence was a close economy. The different political parties came into the power but the type of economic inclination was same for India. In 1991, the new era in Indian economy started with three key words - Liberalization, Globalization and privatization. With the globalization process the restructuring of Indian economy started and some major ref orms were observed. Globalization brings a favorable impact on Economic growth. In 1970, the GDP growth was only 3 % in India. The countries like Mexico, Brazil achieved more than twice growth rate than India. In the eighties, a significant annual growth was observed from 3% to 5.9% but still it was comparatively very low compared to countries like China, Korea. In 1991, the GDP was calculated on purchasing power parity basis and Indian economic growth was 0.9 % only. Indian economy achieved a growth rate of 8% in the year 2003-2004. Not only the high GDP growth was noticed but also a significant structural change was noticed in Indian economy. Before the globalization, the maximum amount of GDP was generated from the primary sector. But after globalization, the maximum part of the GDP contribution comes from the service sector. ITES-BPO, software services providers has achieved a significant growth in recent years. GDP from the major sectors The service sector is the major employme nt provider also in Indian Economy. In recent times, the service sector has a great contribution in the national income also. The reason for growth of service sector is urbanization, privatization and high demand for consumer service. Significant high growth rate was observed in 2006-2010. The growth rate and service sector contribution have been shown in the above diagram. The government of India formulated policies to make foreign direct investment in the manufacturing sector. The FDI in manufacturing sec

Comparative Analysis of FDI Trends in China and India Essay

Comparative Analysis of FDI Trends in China and India - Essay Example Foreign Direct Investment â€Å"Foreign direct investment is defined as investment by a resident entity in one economy with the objective of obtaining a lasting interest in an enterprise resident in another economy† (OECD, 2010 p88). Foreign direct investment involves a company in one country investing in another entity in another nation to attain a long-term business interest in a business that exists in another economy. In other context, any investing activities that control and manages value creation in other countries is considered a foreign direct investment (Peng, 2011). These entities are known as multinational enterprises and they aim at creating control either through agreement or equity acquisition in a foreign country to help the firm obtain some advantages in the foreign nation (Peng, 2011). â€Å"Foreign direct investment is defined as an investment involving a long-term relationship and reflecting a lasting interest and control by a resident entity in one econom y in an enterprise resident in another economy† (Takamura, 2011 p245). This definition of FDI focuses on the long-term aspect of FDIs. This suggests that these foreign direct investments seek to attain some relationship that would span into the distant future. This is to be separated from short-term interests which might last for three years or less. Such arrangements cannot be classified as FDIs they are more or less some kind of operational agreement and may not qualify to be viewed as an FDI. Examples of FDIs include building production plants to retain control and acquiring a research and development entity in a foreign country (Neuhaus, 2011). Prompters of FDIs, OLI Theory Every business exists to maximise profits by cutting down costs and...This paper clarifies the real reasons behind China's increasing growth in FDI. It examines why China' FDI levels has continued to increase recently. In doing this, there has been undertaken a comparative analysis of China's FDI trends with the Indian FDI trends. In attaining the aim of the research, the objectives were examined, such as review of the vital factors in the movement of FDI in the global context, analysis of the trends in FDI in China, analysis of FDI trends in India and a comparison with China, observation of the differences between the Chinese and Indian situation in that field. In 2010, the World Investment Prospects Survey released by the UN Conference on Trade and Development showed that China is the most popular destination for foreign trade in the World. China increased its FDI by 20% between 2009 and 2010. The main factor that prompted China to become the leading destination for foreign investment was the changes that occurred within the country's national and legal structures. Foreign direct investment involves one entity investing in a business venture in a foreign country. These investments were often meant to promote control in a foreign country in order to attain power and further their interest in a foreign entity. FDI is meant to enable a given business to attain opportunities in foreign countries. Ownership, Locational Advantages and Internalisation form the crux of FDI. Ownership relates to how a business attains control and rights in a foreign business. Locational advantages relate to the ability of a business to take advantage of the local opportunities in a country. Internalisation refers to how a business uses the advantages that the FDI brings to it.

How the idea of family has changed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How the idea of family has changed - Essay Example These factors have made the reliance on a single source of income a progressively more risky approach for family sustenance. Consequently, encouraging public policies on informal care of the ageing population by family members replaces traditional community responsibility on caring for the aged (Lewis & Lewis, 1996). Personally, these changes in the family concept have made me to develop a broader outlook on how present-day families function. Even though women maintain the majority of work in family care, changes have emerged in the readiness of men to adjust work for family and family participation, especially amongst young generations. The overall social workforce now comprises of men and women with the obligation for caring and economically supporting families while seeking a balance between their private life and social work. On the other hand, globalization and technological development have produced changes in employing organizations and the nature of social work. Hence, there exist unclear limits between work and leisure time. Moreover, developments in technology have eradicated the need for several routine jobs. The choices of where and when to work have become more practical as a result of technology such as mobile phone and computer. In this regard, work spills over and intrudes into private or family time. Similarly, employing organizations have reduced their workforce size while empowering teams or individual employees to become more accountable, autonomous and responsible. It would be evident that restructuring may make available opportunities for more flexibility in enabling employees to manage their leisure and work life. From this viewpoint, changes in the family have traditional assumptions have become more obsolete in relation to the distinction between family and work. Subsequently, the concept of a working mother enlightens social policy on the realities of current family life diversity. Nevertheless, the